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As attribute nodes named "xmlns" or "xmlns:xxx", exactly as the namespaces are written in the source XML document. This is the model presented by DOM. As namespace declarations: distinguished from attributes, but corresponding one-to-one with the relevant attributes in the source XML document. This is the model presented by JDOM.
[attributes] [namespace attributes] [in-scope namespaces] [base URI] [parent] There is an attribute information item for each attribute (specified or defaulted) of each element in the document, including namespace declarations. The latter however appear as members of an element's [namespace attributes] property rather than its [attributes ...
The same identifier can be independently defined in multiple namespaces. That is, an identifier defined in one namespace may or may not have the same meaning as the same identifier defined in another namespace. Languages that support namespaces specify the rules that determine to which namespace an identifier (not its definition) belongs. [10]
Attribute declarations, which define properties of attributes. Again the properties include the attribute name and target namespace. The attribute type constrains the values that the attribute may take. An attribute declaration may also include a default value or a fixed value (which is then the only value the attribute may take.)
A QName, or qualified name, is the fully qualified name of an element, attribute, or identifier in an XML document. A QName concisely associates the URI of an XML namespace with the local name of an element, attribute, or identifier in that namespace. [1] To make this association, the QName assigns the local name a prefix that corresponds to ...
Code that uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start-tag or end-tag, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, namespace, values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it.
In converting an arbitrary XML document to Canonical XML, attributes are encoded in a normative order (alphabetical by name), and with normative spacing and quoting (though with all namespace declarations placed ahead of regular attributes, and namespaced attributes sorted by namespace rather than prefix or qualified name).
Although W3C XML Schema's ability to add default attributes to elements is an advantage, it is a disadvantage in some ways as well. It means that an XML file may not be usable in the absence of its schema, even if the document would validate against that schema.