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The distal convoluted tubule has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system.
Transitional cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs. [1] It typically occurs in the urothelium of the urinary system ; in that case, it is also called urothelial carcinoma .
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. [ 1 ]
GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, is produced by the metanephric blastema and is essential in binding to the RET receptor on the ureteric bud, [1] which bifurcates and coalesces as a result to form the renal pelvis, major and minor calyces and collecting ducts.
Bladder tumors are classified by their appearance under the microscope, and by their cell type of origin. Over 90% of bladder tumors arise from the cells that form the bladder's inner lining, called urothelial cells or transitional cells; the tumor is then classified as urothelial cancer or transitional cell cancer.
Ureter cancer rarely causes problems in the early stages, but as the cancer progresses, there are often side effects. [5] Symptoms of ureteral cancer may include "blood in the urine (); diminished urine stream and straining to void (caused by urethral stricture); frequent urination and increased nighttime urination (); hardening of tissue in the perineum, labia, or penis; itching; incontinence ...
It is also the leading cause of cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus, and the second leading cause of cancer of the kidney. Transitional cell carcinoma can develop in two different ways. Should the transitional cell carcinoma grow toward the inner surface of the bladder via finger-like projections, it is known as papillary carcinoma.
Urethral cancer is a rare cancer originating from the urethra.The disease has been classified by the TNM staging system and the World Health Organization. [1] [3] [4]Symptoms include blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, or bloody penile discharge.