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  2. Crosswind - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswind

    A crosswind is any wind that has a perpendicular component to the line or direction of travel. This affects the aerodynamics of many forms of transport. Moving non- parallel to the wind direction creates a crosswind component on the object and thus increasing the apparent wind on the object; such use of cross wind travel is used to advantage by ...

  3. Headwind and tailwind - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwind_and_tailwind

    Headwind and Tailwind are opposite interpretations of the wind component which is parallel to the direction of travel, [1] while Crosswind represents the perpendicular component. Determining the ground speed of an aircraft requires the calculation of the head or tailwind. Assume: [2]

  4. Crosswind landing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswind_landing

    In aviation, a crosswind landing is a landing maneuver in which a significant component of the prevailing wind is perpendicular to the runway center line. Significance

  5. Wake turbulence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_turbulence

    During takeoff and landing, an aircraft's wake sinks toward the ground and moves laterally away from the runway when the wind is calm. A three-to-five-knot (3–6 mph; 6–9 km/h) crosswind will tend to keep the upwind side of the wake in the runway area and may cause the downwind side to drift toward another runway. Since the wingtip vortices ...

  6. Ballistic coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient

    Wind drift calculations for rifle bullets of differing G1 BCs fired with a muzzle velocity of 2,950 ft/s (900 m/s) in a 10 mph (4.5 m/s; 16 km/h) crosswind. [ 57 ] Energy calculations for 9.1 grams (140 gr) rifle bullets of differing G1 BCs fired with a muzzle velocity of 2,950 feet per second (900 m/s).

  7. Forces on sails - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_on_sails

    Often simplifying assumptions are employed when making design calculations, including: a flat travel surface—water, ice or land, constant wind velocity and unchanging sail adjustment. [ 47 ] The analysis of the forces on sails takes into account the aerodynamic surface force , its centre of effort on a sail, its direction, and its variable ...

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  9. Magnus effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_effect

    First, a spinning bullet in flight is often subject to a crosswind, which can be simplified as blowing from either the left or the right. In addition to this, even in completely calm air a bullet experiences a small sideways wind component due to its yawing motion. This yawing motion along the bullet's flight path means that the nose of the ...