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Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in their linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). By noticing this gap, learners become aware of it and may be able to modify their output so that they learn something new about the language. [1]
This process is similar to the process that children undergo when learning their native language. Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, during which the acquirer is focused on meaning rather than form. [6] Learning a language, on the other hand, is a conscious process, much like what one experiences in school.
This refers to learners creating new words or phrases for words that they do not know. For example, a learner might refer to an art gallery as a "picture place". [2] Language switch Learners may insert a word from their first language into a sentence, and hope that their interlocutor will understand. [3] [9] Asking for clarification
Similar to Krashen's input hypothesis, the interaction hypothesis claims that comprehensible input, which is characterized as a variety of language that can be understood by a learner, [3] is important for language learning. There are a number of ways in which input may be modified for the benefit of the learner.
For instance, In order to acquire the correct morphological and syntactic forms for English questions, learners must transform declarative English sentences. They do so by a series of stages, consistent across learners. Clahsen proposed that certain processing principles determine this order of restructuring. [29]
The natural approach is a method of language teaching developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The Natural Approach has been used in ESL classes as well as foreign language classes for people of all ages and in various educational settings, from primary schools to universities. [1]
An advantage of the comprehension approach of language learning is the fact that when the learner eventually understands the meaning and the correct application of the words, the language will sound more effortless when he or she speaks it in contrast to other forms of language learning, which may result in more stilted efforts.
In this case, learners notice the gaps between their knowledge of the second language and that of what a native speaker would say. [ 2 ] "Noticing" differs from "understanding" in that the former refers to a finite moment where an aspect of language is understood and added to long term memory , rather than a general knowledge.
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