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Meibomian glands in the lower eyelid imaged under amber light to show vasculature support and the gland structure. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD, also meibomitis or meibomianitis) is a chronic disease of the meibomian glands, which is commonly characterized by obstruction of the end of the duct that delivers the secretion produced by the glands (called meibum) to the eye surface, which ...
Meibomian gland dysfunction is more often seen in women and is regarded as the main cause of dry eye disease. [14] [15] Factors that contribute to meibomian gland dysfunction can include things such as a person's age and/or hormones, [16] or severe infestation of Demodex brevis mite.
The most common cause of dry eye is increased evaporation of the tear film, typically as a result of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The meibomian glands are two sets of oil glands that line the upper and lower eyelids and secrete the oily outer layer of the tear film—the lipid layer.
Meibomian gland dysfunction is a result of abnormalities of the meibomian glands and altered secretion of meibum, which plays an imperative role in lagging the evaporation of tear films and smoothing of the tear film to produce an even optical surface.
There are various causes of madarosis. [3]Ophthalmological conditions: blepharitis is an infection of the eyelid. Anterior blepharitis is either staphylococcal blepharitis, or seborrhoeic blepharitis and posterior blepharitis is due to the meibomian gland.
The blocked gland is usually the meibomian gland, but can also be the gland of Zeis. [8] A stye and cellulitis may appear similar. [2] A stye, however, is usually more sudden in onset, painful, and occurs at the edge of the eyelid. [2] Cellulitis is also typically painful. [2] Treatment is initiated with warm compresses. [2]
The cause of a stye is usually a bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus. [3] [6] Internal styes are due to infection of the meibomian gland while external styes are due to an infection of the gland of Zeis. [5] A chalazion on the other hand is a blocked meibomian gland without infection. [4]
Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis and keratitis. It is clinically defined by changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland dysfunction, redness of the eye, conjunctival chemosis and inflammation of the cornea. [34]