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  2. Upstream and downstream (DNA) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream_(DNA)

    This means the upstream and downstream areas of the molecule may change depending on which gene is used as the reference. The terms upstream and downstream are sometimes also applied to a polypeptide sequence, where upstream refers to a region N-terminal and downstream to residues C-terminal of a reference point.

  3. Promoter (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

    In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein , or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA.

  4. TATA box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

    In eukaryotes, the TATA box is located 25 base pairs upstream of the start site that Rpb4/Rbp7 use to initiate transcription. In metazoans, the TATA box is located 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. [5] While in yeast, S. cerevisiae, the TATA box has a variable position which can range from 40 to 100 bp upstream of the ...

  5. Upstream and downstream - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream

    Computer science [ edit ] Upstream and Downstream , the notional directions which lie "towards" and "away from" the author of a piece of software, relative to the speaker

  6. Eukaryotic transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription

    Eukaryotic genes have acquired extensive regulatory sequences that encompass a large number of regulator-binding sites and spread overall kilobases (sometimes hundreds of kilobases) from the promoter–-both upstream and downstream. [1] The regulator binding sites are often clustered together into units called enhancers.

  7. Directionality (molecular biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directionality_(molecular...

    The relative positions of structures along strands of nucleic acid, including genes and various protein binding sites, are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5′-end) or downstream (towards the 3′-end). (See also upstream and downstream.) Directionality is related to, but different from, sense.

  8. Upstream and downstream (transduction) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream...

    Upstream extracellular signaling transduce a variety of intracellular cascades. [1] Receptors and ligands are common upstream signaling molecules that dictate the downstream elements of the signal pathway. A plethora of different factors affect which ligands bind to which receptors and the downstream cellular response that they initiate.

  9. Serial analysis of gene expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_analysis_of_gene...

    The cleaved cDNA downstream from the cleavage site is then discarded, and the remaining immobile cDNA fragments upstream from cleavage sites are divided in half and exposed to one of two adaptor oligonucleotides (A or B) containing several components in the following order upstream from the attachment site: 1) Sticky ends with the AE cut site ...