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Tramadol and tapentadol carry additional risks associated with their dual effects as SNRIs and can cause serotonin syndrome and seizures. Despite these risks, there is evidence to suggest that these drugs have a lower risk of respiratory depression compared to morphine.
The most common adverse effects of tramadol include nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, indigestion, abdominal pain, vertigo, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, and headache. [34] [35] Other side effects may result from interactions with other medications. Tramadol has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including respiratory ...
The most common side effects of tramadol in order of decreasing incidence ... Note: Serious adverse effects are in bold ... Menopausal symptoms; Urinary frequency ...
Acute use (1–3 days) yields a potency about 1.5× stronger than that of morphine and chronic use (7 days+) yields a potency about 2.5 to 5× that of morphine. Similarly, the effect of tramadol increases after consecutive dosing due to the accumulation of its active metabolite and an increase of the oral bioavailability in chronic use.
Potentially serious side effects of morphine include decreased respiratory effort, vomiting, and low blood pressure. [12] Morphine is highly addictive and prone to abuse. [12] If one's dose is reduced after long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur. [12]
Under Medicare guidelines, hospice patients require a terminal diagnosis or markers of a life-threatening condition — such as severe weight loss or loss of mobility — indicating the person will likely die within six months or sooner. Maples did not have a terminal illness. Her diagnosis was “debility, unspecified,” according to her records.
Morphine was initially hailed as a wonder drug for its ability to ease pain. [219] It could help people sleep, [211] and had other useful side effects, including control of coughing and diarrhea. [220] It was widely prescribed by doctors, and dispensed without restriction by pharmacists.
The hospice philosophy, as it is often described, is meant to be “holistic” care – tending to the emotional and spiritual needs of patients and their families. Instead of treatments, hospice practitioners seek to make patients as comfortable as possible. Morphine and other pain drugs are commonly used.