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Serial quantitative blood tests may be done, usually 48 hours apart, and interpreted based on the knowledge that hCG in a viable normal pregnancy rises rapidly in early pregnancy. For example, for a starting hCG level of 1,500 mIU/ml or less, the hCG of continuing, normal pregnancy will increase at least 49% in 48 hours.
[13] [14] Blood typing would also detect maternal blood, as the I antigen only occurs in adults. [12] The Kleihauer–Betke test can detect very small amounts of maternal blood before the third trimester of pregnancy by monitoring hemoglobin elution in acid because adult and fetal hemoglobin elute differently in acid. [12]
Blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy by 11 and 14 days, respectively, after fertilization. [77] [78] Blood pregnancy tests are more sensitive than urine tests (giving fewer false negatives). [79] Home pregnancy tests are urine tests, and normally detect a pregnancy 12 to 15 days after fertilization. [80]
As pregnancy tests, quantitative blood tests and the most sensitive urine tests usually detect hCG between 6 and 12 days after ovulation. [25] It must be taken into account, however, that total hCG levels may vary in a very wide range within the first 4 weeks of gestation, leading to false results during this period. [26]
the size of a fetal red blood cell is 1.22 times that of an adult red blood cell; the KB stain is known to have a mean success rate of 92% in detecting fetal red blood cells; in a woman at or near term in her pregnancy, the mean volume of maternal red blood cells is approximately 1800 ml; the mean fetal hematocrit is 50%; and
The AFP test is often done in the second trimester using the serum from the maternal blood draw. This test looks at a specific protein that is formed in the liver of the fetus and released into the fluid contents of the womb, which is then absorbed into the mother's blood stream. Multiple determinations stem from the results of AFP testing.
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