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Astronautical hygiene evaluates, and mitigates, hazards and health risks to those working in low-gravity environments. [1] The discipline of astronautical hygiene includes such topics as the use and maintenance of life support systems, the risks of the extravehicular activity, the risks of exposure to chemicals or radiation, the characterization of hazards, human factor issues, and the ...
Space sustainability aims to maintain the safety and health of the space environment, [1] as well as planetary environments. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Similar to sustainability initiatives on Earth, space sustainability seeks to use the environment of space to meet the current needs of society without compromising the needs of future generations.
A Viking lander being prepared for dry heat sterilization – this remains the "gold standard" [1] of present-day planetary protection.. Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions.
For example, maneuvers commonly conducted by the International Space Station to avoid collisions often require roughly 150 second burns [15] and significant disturbances to crew operations because of the mandatory slow reconfiguration of the station's solar panels to avoid damage by propulsion devices.
During the “Exploration Telerobotics Symposium" in 2012, experts on telerobotics from industry, NASA, and academics met to discuss telerobotics and its applications to space exploration. Amongst other issues, particular attention was given to Mars missions and a Mars sample-return.
An example is zinc oxide, a common paint pigment, which is extremely toxic to aquatic life. [citation needed] Toxicity or other hazards do not imply an environmental hazard, because elimination by sunlight , water or organisms (biological elimination) neutralizes many reactive or poisonous substances. Persistence towards these elimination ...
For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg or as high as 50.9 mg/kg. This is because the phosphate rock used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188 mg/kg cadmium (examples are deposits on Nauru and the Christmas islands). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate ...
For example, the meteoroids associated with the Perseid meteor shower travel at an average speed of 58 km/s (130,000 mph; 210,000 km/h). [2] Mechanical damage from debris impacts have been studied through space missions including LDEF , which had over 20,000 documented impacts through its 5.7-year mission. [ 3 ]