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Along with wind direction, cloud cover is one of the oldest atmospheric conditions to be coded on a station model. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The circle in the middle of the station model represents cloud cover. In the United Kingdom , when the observation is taken from an automated weather observation site, the shape is a triangle. [ 10 ]
The Yamartino method, introduced by Robert J. Yamartino in 1984, solves both problems [2] A further discussion of the Yamartino method, along with other methods of estimating the standard deviation of wind direction can be found in Farrugia & Micallef. It is possible to calculate the exact standard deviation in one pass.
Consequently, a wind blowing from the north has a wind direction referred to as 0° (360°); a wind blowing from the east has a wind direction referred to as 90°, etc. Weather forecasts typically give the direction of the wind along with its speed, for example a "northerly wind at 15 km/h" is a wind blowing from the north at a speed of 15 km/h ...
A wind atlas contains data on the wind speed and wind direction in a region. [1] These data include maps , but also time series or frequency distributions . A climatological wind atlas covers hourly averages at a standard height (10 meters) over even longer periods (30 years) but depending on the application there are variations in averaging ...
The difference is known as the drift, and can be determined by the wind triangle. At least seven ways to measure the heading of a vehicle have been described. [1] Heading is typically based on cardinal directions, so 0° (or 360°) indicates a direction toward true north, 90° true east, 180° true south, and 270° true west. [1]
Surface wind direction and speed is also forecast on this type of chart. Wave prognostic charts show the expected sea state at some future time. [ 2 ] Low-level prognostic charts used by aviators show the forecast between the Earth's surface and 24,000 feet (7,300 m) above sea level over the next two days.
In geography and seamanship, windward (/ ˈ w ɪ n d w ər d, ˈ w ɪ n ər d /) and leeward (/ ˈ l iː w ər d, ˈ lj uː ər d /) are directions relative to the wind. Windward is upwind from the point of reference, i.e., towards the direction from which the wind is coming; leeward is downwind from the point of reference, i.e., along the ...
Immediately after the wind direction is the wind speed, coded in two or three digits measured in knots, km/h or m/s. If during past 10 minutes, the weather station detects more than 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph) between minimum and maximum windspeed, METAR determines a wind gust exists and reports the maximum instantaneous windspeed.