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A dried cannabis flower. The short-term effects of cannabis are caused by many chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113 [clarification needed] different cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol, and 120 terpenes, [1] which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body.
3D model of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an endocannaboid. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the central nervous system (including the brain) and peripheral nervous system.
Reports of the effects of cannabis on time perception can be found first in arts and literature, and then in medical reports and studies. Notable discussions of the effects occur in "Le Club des Hachichin" (1846), a work by French poet Théophile Gautier, and in Les Paradis Artificiels (1860), a work by Charles Baudelaire.
Over time, the marijuana gateway hypothesis has been studied more and more. In one published study, the use of marijuana was shown not a reliable gateway cause of illicit drug use. [67] However, social factors and environment influence drug use and abuse, making the gateway effects of cannabis different for those in differing social circumstances.
Nicotine changes the way synapses are formed, which can harm the parts of the brain that control attention and learning. [6] Preclinical studies indicate that teens being exposed to nicotine interferes with the structural development of the brain, inducing lasting alterations in the brain's neural circuits. [98]
Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking. Adolescence, particularly early adolescence, is a developmental stage which is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development. [1]
[3] While stating that their "findings are consistent with the idea of marijuana as a "gateway drug"", [3] they conceded that "the majority of people who use marijuana do not go on to use other, "harder" substances", [3] and that "cross-sensitization is not unique to marijuana. Alcohol and nicotine also prime the brain for a heightened response ...
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), is a G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor that in humans is encoded by the CNR1 gene. [5] And discovered, by determination and characterization in 1988, [6] and cloned in 1990 for the first time.