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Welfare economics is a field of economics that applies microeconomic techniques to evaluate the overall well-being (welfare) of a society. [1]The principles of welfare economics are often used to inform public economics, which focuses on the ways in which government intervention can improve social welfare.
Nordic countries have been enjoying high economic and productivity growth, but most remarkably they consistently conquer top spots in world happiness surveys. [3] [4] The welfare systems within the Nordic Model also emerge as highly-rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World Economic Forum 2020). [5]
Social development theory attempts to explain qualitative changes in the structure and framework of society, that help the society to better realize aims and objectives.. Development can be defined in a manner applicable to all societies at all historical periods as an upward ascending movement featuring greater levels of energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, complexity, comprehension ...
Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labour markets, diminishing people's exposure to risks, [2] and enhancing their capacity to manage economic and social risks, such as unemployment, exclusion, sickness, disability, and old age. [3]
In welfare economics and social choice theory, a social welfare function—also called a social ordering, ranking, utility, or choice function—is a function that ranks a set of social states by their desirability.
Social choice theory is a branch of welfare economics that extends the theory of rational choice to collective decision-making. [1] Social choice studies the behavior of different mathematical procedures ( social welfare functions ) used to combine individual preferences into a coherent whole.
Economic development has existed even at a basic level since the earliest recorded communities. However, in the US and several other countries, the concept of community economic development emerged "in response to tenacious poverty and the need for affordable housing, good jobs, affordable health care and quality of life matters needed for human existence."
A social safety net (SSN) consists of non-contributory assistance existing to improve lives of vulnerable families and individuals experiencing poverty and destitution. Examples of SSNs are previously-contributory social pensions , in-kind and food transfers, conditional and unconditional cash transfers, fee waivers, public works, and school ...