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The test uses the principles of gel electrophoresis to separate out the various types of hemoglobin and is a type of native gel electrophoresis.After the sample has been treated to release the hemoglobin from the red cells, it is introduced into a porous gel (usually made of agarose or cellulose acetate) and subjected to an electrical field, most commonly in an alkaline medium.
Hemoglobin D has the basic structure and composition of normal adult hemoglobin. It is a globular protein containing prosthetic (non-protein) group called heme. There are four individual peptide chains, namely two α- and two β-subunits, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively.
Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α 2 β 2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, accounting for over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin. [1] Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein, found in erythrocytes , which transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. [ 2 ]
The first practical large-scale method of blood plasma fractionation was developed by Edwin J. Cohn during World War II. It is known as the Cohn process (or Cohn method). This process is also known as cold ethanol fractionation as it involves gradually increasing the concentration of ethanol in the solution at 5 °C and 3 °C. [3]
Blood fractionation is the process of fractionating whole blood, or separating it into its component parts. This is typically done by centrifuging the blood. The resulting components are: a clear solution of blood plasma in the upper phase (which can be separated into its own fractions, see Blood plasma fractionation),
Hemoglobinopathy is the medical term for a group of inherited blood disorders involving the hemoglobin, the protein of red blood cells. [1] They are single-gene disorders and, in most cases, they are inherited as autosomal co-dominant traits.
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Hemoglobin A2 is a crucial role for screening and measuring for the beta-thalassemia trait. Various laboratory methods exist, each providing different outcomes of accuracy. The different quantification methods of HbA2 relies on how effective it can be separated from other hemoglobin variants. [3]