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Basic WEP encryption: RC4 keystream XORed with plaintext. Standard 64-bit WEP uses a 40-bit key (also known as WEP-40), which is concatenated with a 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to form the RC4 key. At the time that the original WEP standard was drafted, the U.S. Government's export restrictions on cryptographic technology limited the key ...
WEP is an old IEEE 802.11 standard from 1997. [1] It is a notoriously weak security standard: the password it uses can often be cracked in a few minutes with a basic laptop computer and widely available software tools. [2] WEP was superseded in 2003 by WPA, a quick alternative at the time to improve security over WEP.
Some devices with dual-band wireless network connectivity do not allow the user to select the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band (or even a particular radio or SSID) when using Wi-Fi Protected Setup, unless the wireless access point has separate WPS button for each band or radio; however, a number of later wireless routers with multiple frequency bands and ...
The flaw allows a remote attacker to recover the WPS PIN and, with it, the router's WPA/WPA2 password in a few hours. [45] Users have been urged to turn off the WPS feature, [46] although this may not be possible on some router models. Also, the PIN is written on a label on most Wi-Fi routers with WPS, which cannot be changed if compromised.
The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure [7] if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.
In PSK authentication, the PMK is actually the PSK, [6] which is typically derived from the WiFi password by putting it through a key derivation function that uses SHA-1 as the cryptographic hash function. [7] If an 802.1X EAP exchange was carried out, the PMK is derived from the EAP parameters provided by the authentication server.
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A sufficiently long, randomly chosen, key can resist any practical brute force attack, though not in principle if an attacker has sufficient computational power (see password strength and password cracking for more discussion). Unavoidably, however, pre-shared keys are held by both parties to the communication, and so can be compromised at one ...