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The Camden bench received criticism as being a prime example of a wider trend of urban design that is anti-homeless, known as hostile architecture. [6] Critics claim it is emblematic of a society where freedom in public space has been curtailed and deviance from accepted forms of behaviour has been made impossible. [7]
Bolts installed on the front steps of a building to discourage sitting and sleeping. Hostile architecture, also known as defensive architecture, hostile design, unpleasant design, exclusionary design, anti-homeless architecture, or defensive urban design, is an urban-design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to purposefully guide behavior.
The style originated with Michael Webb's 1957 student project for a Furniture Manufacturers Association building in High Wycombe. [2] [3] [4] Webb coined the term in response to a comment on his design by Sir Nikolaus Pevsner in a 1961 lecture, in which he recalled hearing the words: "within the schools there are some disturbing trends; I saw the other day a design for a building that looked ...
Comparison of a ha-ha (top) and a regular wall (bottom). Both walls prevent access, but one does not block the view looking outward. A ha-ha (French: hâ-hâ [a a] ⓘ or saut de loup [so dÉ™ lu] ⓘ), also known as a sunk fence, blind fence, ditch and fence, deer wall, or foss, is a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier (particularly on one side) while preserving ...
The modern view, proposed notably by Charles Coulson, is that battlements became an architectural status-symbol much sought after by the socially ambitious, in Coulson's words: "Licences to crenellate were mainly symbolic representations of lordly status: castellation was the architectural expression of noble rank".
Frederick C. Robie House, an example of Prairie School architecture. An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include such elements as form, method of construction, building materials, and regional character.
The concept of architectural style is studied in the architectural history as one of the approaches ("style and period") that are used to organize the history of architecture (Leach lists five other approaches as "biography, geography and culture, type, technique, theme and analogy"). [5]
Skatestoppers are skate-deterrent or anti-skate devices placed on urban terrain features, such as benches and handrails, to discourage skateboarders from grinding on the surfaces where they have been installed. [1] They are a form of hostile architecture. [1]