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African American slaves in Georgia, 1850. African Americans are the result of an amalgamation of many different countries, [33] cultures, tribes and religions during the 16th and 17th centuries, [34] broken down, [35] and rebuilt upon shared experiences [36] and blended into one group on the North American continent during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and are now called African American.
African Americans also have higher prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease compared to the overall average. [201] [202] African-Americans are more likely than White Americans to die due to health-related problems developed by alcoholism. Alcohol abuse is the main contributor to the top 3 causes of death among African Americans. [203]
The aftermath of the Civil War accelerated the process of a national African-American identity formation. [106] Some civil rights activists, such as W. E. B. Du Bois, disagree that identity was achieved after the Civil War. [107]
His theory assumed that African Americans are "believed to be socialized into the predominant culture, which resulted in diminished racial identification", [1] and thus the Nigrescence model posits that an encounter with an instance of racism or racial discrimination may precipitate the exploration and formation of racial identity, and foster a ...
African-American people also chose to pass as whites during Jim Crow and beyond. For example, United States civil rights leader Walter Francis White conducted investigations in the South during which he passed as white to gather information on lynchings and hate crimes , and to protect himself in socially hostile environments.
African-American. Although the term "African-American" is used as a color descriptive in the United States, it is not a universal term and creates confusion in other parts of the world. It is a term used mostly, and made popular, by the American media as well as American politicians. However, the common U.S. citizen has not yet adopted the term ...
A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and African-American English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group. [131]
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 6, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.