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A rotational slump occurs when a slump block, composed of sediment or rock, slides along a concave-upward slip surface with rotation about an axis parallel to the slope. [3] Rotational movement causes the original surface of the block to become less steep, and the top of the slump is rotated backward.
Translational or rotational movement is considered on an assumed or known potential slip surface below the soil or rock mass. [13] In rock slope engineering, methods may be highly significant to simple block failure along distinct discontinuities. [ 10 ]
Movement is driven by shear stress, which is generated by the mass of the block acting under gravity down the slope. Resistance to movement is the result of the normal load. When the slope fills with water, the fluid pressure provides the block with buoyancy, reducing the resistance to movement.
In 1978, geologist David Varnes noted this imprecise usage and proposed a new, much tighter scheme for the classification of mass movements and subsidence processes. [26] This scheme was later modified by Cruden and Varnes in 1996, [ 27 ] and refined by Hutchinson (1988), [ 28 ] Hungr et al. (2001), [ 29 ] and finally by Hungr, Leroueil and ...
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Successful design of the slope requires geological information and site characteristics, e.g. properties of soil/rock mass, slope geometry, groundwater conditions, alternation of materials by faulting, joint or discontinuity systems, movements and tension in joints, earthquake activity etc. [13] [14] The presence of water has a detrimental ...
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