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Force and potential energy are directly related. A net force acting on any object will cause it to accelerate. As an object moves in the direction of a force acting on it, its potential energy decreases. For example, the gravitational potential energy of a cannonball at the top of a hill is greater than at the base of the hill. As it rolls ...
The negative-energy particle then crosses the event horizon into the black hole, with the law of conservation of energy requiring that an equal amount of positive energy should escape. In the Penrose process , a body divides in two, with one half gaining negative energy and falling in, while the other half gains an equal amount of positive ...
The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy, while work done by the force field decreases potential energy. Common notations for potential energy are PE, U, V, and E p. Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object's position relative to other objects. [6]
Potential difference is a more general term that includes emf. Emf is the cause of a potential difference. In a circuit of a voltage source and a resistor, the sum of the source's applied voltage plus the ohmic voltage drop through the resistor is zero. But the resistor provides no emf, only the voltage source does:
The electrostatic potential energy, U E, of one point charge q at position r in the presence of an electric field E is defined as the negative of the work W done by the electrostatic force to bring it from the reference position r ref [note 1] to that position r.
The van der Waals force between two spheres of constant radii (R 1 and R 2 are treated as parameters) is then a function of separation since the force on an object is the negative of the derivative of the potential energy function, = (). This yields:
Since the force is the negative gradient of the potential energy, we have in this case = = (), which is equal and opposite to F kj = −∇ r j V kj = −∇ r j V jk, the force applied by particle k on particle j, as may be confirmed by explicit calculation.
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.