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Estrogen is associated with edema, including facial and abdominal swelling. Melanin. Estrogen is known to cause darkening of skin, especially in the face and areolae. [38] Pale skinned women will develop browner and yellower skin during pregnancy, as a result of the increase of estrogen, known as the "mask of pregnancy". [39]
Conjugated estrogens (brand name Premarin), an estrogen product manufactured from the urine of pregnant mares and commonly used in menopausal hormone therapy, is a mixture of natural estrogens including estrone sulfate and equine estrogens such as equilin sulfate and 17β-dihydroequilin sulfate. [1]
[1] [3] [5] Estrogenic substances was originally produced from the urine of pregnant women, placenta, and/or amniotic fluid, but by the early 1940s, it was manufactured exclusively from the urine of stallions or pregnant mares, similarly to almost all other estrogen preparations on the market.
Estradiol is a naturally occurring and bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. [11] Due to its estrogenic activity, estradiol has antigonadotropic effects and can inhibit fertility and suppress sex hormone production in both women and men.
Estradiol is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as the breasts, widening of the hips and a female pattern of fat distribution. It is also important in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues such as the mammary glands, uterus and vagina during puberty, adulthood and pregnancy. [7]
The female body has estrogen receptors almost everywhere, Garrison explains, so, as estrogen levels begin to fluctuate during perimenopause, then drop after menopause, the impacts can be far-reaching.
There are two variants of the estrogen receptor, alpha and beta and many phytoestrogens display somewhat higher affinity for ER-β compared to ER-α. [ 14 ] The key structural elements that enable phytoestrogens to bind with high affinity to estrogen receptors and display estradiol-like effects are: [ 2 ]
But until the recent explosion of conversation around menopause and hormonal health, precious little consideration had been given to the fact that testosterone is a vital female hormone, too.