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Lupus erythematosus may manifest as systemic disease or in a purely cutaneous form also known as incomplete lupus erythematosus. Lupus has four main types: [citation needed] systemic; discoid; drug-induced; neonatal; Of these, systemic lupus erythematosus (also known as SLE) is the most common and serious form.
If only one risk factor of an individual is taken into account, the post-test probability can be estimated by multiplying the relative risk with the risk in the control group. The control group usually represents the unexposed population, but if a very low fraction of the population is exposed, then the prevalence in the general population can ...
While women with lupus have higher risk pregnancies, most are successful. [1] Rate of SLE varies between countries from 20 to 70 per 100,000. [2] Young women are affected about nine times more often than men. [5] While it most commonly begins between the ages of 15 and 45, a wide range of ages can be affected.
Drug-induced lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder caused by chronic use of certain drugs. These drugs cause an autoimmune response (the body attacks its own cells) producing symptoms similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Thus, one or more of the following tests are generally performed to detect lupus anticoagulant if a high suspicion remains, and/or specify lupus anticoagulant as the cause of an abnormal mixing test: Phospholipid-sensitive functional clotting testing, such as the dilute Russell's viper venom time, Kaolin clotting time, or silica clotting time. [13]
Kaolin clotting time (KCT) is a sensitive test to detect lupus anticoagulants. [2] There is evidence that suggests it is the most sensitive test for detecting lupus anticoagulants. [ 3 ] It can also detect factor VIII inhibitors but is sensitive to unfractionated heparin as well.
Discoid lupus erythematosus is the most common type of chronic cutaneous lupus (CCLE), an autoimmune skin condition on the lupus erythematosus spectrum of illnesses. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It presents with red, painful, inflamed and coin-shaped patches of skin with a scaly and crusty appearance, most often on the scalp, cheeks, and ears.
DR4-DQ8 is a risk factor for papillary thyroid carcinoma, [30] juvenile diabetes, coeliac disease and rheumatoid arthritis.[31]DRB1*04:DQA1*03:03-DQB1*04:01 haplotype: type III autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, [32] autoimmune hepatitis, [33] autoimmune pancreatitis.