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Shellfish poisoning includes four syndromes that share some common features and are primarily associated with bivalve molluscs (such as mussels, clams, oysters and scallops.) [1] As filter feeders, these shellfish may accumulate toxins produced by microscopic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates.
PSP affects those who come into contact with the affected shellfish by ingestion. [1] The toxins responsible for most shellfish poisonings—mainly saxitoxin, although several other toxins have been found, such as neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins I to IV—are water-insoluble, and heat- and acid-stable.
Archaeological finds have shown that humans have been making use of shellfish as a food item for hundreds of thousands of years. In the present, shellfish dishes are a feature of almost all the cuisines of the world, providing an important source of protein in many cuisines around the world, especially in the countries with coastal areas.
Blooms have been noted to occur as far north as North Carolina and are commonly seen alongside the widespread death of fish and sea birds. [4] In addition to the effects on human health, the economic impact of HAB-associated shellfish toxin outbreaks can have significant economic implications as well due to not only the associated healthcare ...
For more than a decade along the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico, millions of farmed oysters, which are grown in cages or bags in tidal areas, have fallen victim to Sudden Unusual Mortality Syndrome ...
Many of these animals are prey to larger animals, including fish, such as striped bass, black drum and croakers. An oyster reef can increase the surface area of a flat bottom 50-fold. An oyster's mature shape often depends on the type of bottom to which it is originally attached, but it always orients itself with its outer, flared shell tilted ...
Research shows that filter feeders such as oysters, clams and mussels have the potential to accumulate high concentrations of heavy metals in their soft tissues, posing a risk to humans ...
These fish include sardines, wild salmon, shrimp, tilapia, clams and scallops. While it may be safe for some adults to eat these fish daily, it depends on your health status.