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In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density, is a material property defined as the mass of the many particles of the material divided by the bulk volume. Bulk volume is defined as the total volume the particles occupy, including particle's own volume, inter-particle void volume, and the particles' internal pore volume.
The particle mass density or particle density of a material (such as particulate solid or powder) is the mass density of the particles that make up the powder. Particle density is in contrast to the bulk density, which measures the average density of a large volume of the powder in a specific medium (usually air).
Soil bulk density is equal to the dry mass of the soil divided by the volume of the soil; i.e., it includes air space and organic materials of the soil volume. Thereby soil bulk density is always less than soil particle density and is a good indicator of soil compaction. [47]
The Carr index (Carr's index [1] or Carr's Compressibility Index [2]) is an indicator of the compressibility of a powder.It is named after the scientist Ralph J. Carr, Jr. The Carr index is calculated by the formula =, where is the freely settled bulk density of the powder, and is the tapped bulk density of the powder after "tapping down".
The Hausner ratio is calculated by the formula = where is the freely settled bulk density of the powder, and is the tapped bulk density of the powder. The Hausner ratio is not an absolute property of a material; its value can vary depending on the methodology used to determine it.
Particle technology is the science and technology of handling and processing particles and powders. It encompasses the production, handling, modification, and use of a wide variety of particulate materials, both wet and dry. Particle handling may include transportation and storage. Particle sizes range from nanometers to centimeters.
where is the void ratio, is the porosity, V V is the volume of void-space (gases and liquids), V S is the volume of solids, and V T is the total (or bulk) volume. This figure is relevant in composites , in mining (particular with regard to the properties of tailings ), and in soil science .
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension Number of atoms N = Number of atoms remaining at time t. N 0 = Initial number of atoms at time t = 0