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The word boron was coined from borax, the mineral from which it was isolated, by analogy with carbon, which boron resembles chemically. [16] Sassolite. Borax in its mineral form (then known as tincal) first saw use as a glaze, beginning in China circa 300 AD.
The elements in group 13 are also capable of forming stable compounds with the halogens, usually with the formula MX 3 (where M is a boron-group element and X is a halogen.) [14] Fluorine, the first halogen, is able to form stable compounds with every element that has been tested (except neon and helium), [15] and the boron group is no exception.
Boron (5 B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10 B and 11 B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of 8 B, with a half-life of only 771.9(9) ms and 12 B with a half-life of 20.20(2) ms.
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Each boron atom has a formal −1 charge and magnesium is assigned a formal charge of +2. In this material, the boron centers are trigonal planar with an extra double bond for each boron, forming sheets akin to the carbon in graphite. However, unlike hexagonal boron nitride, which lacks electrons in the plane of the covalent atoms, the ...
Boron in the atmosphere is derived from soil dusts, volcanic emissions, forest fires, evaporation of boric acid from seawater, biomass emissions, and sea spray. [1] Sea salt aerosols are the largest flux to the atmosphere. On land, boron cycles through the biosphere by rock weathering, and wet and dry deposition from the atmosphere. [1] [2]
The strength of a bond can be estimated by comparing the atomic radii of the atoms that form the bond to the length of bond itself. For example, the atomic radius of boron is estimated at 85 pm, [10] while the length of the B–B bond in B 2 Cl 4 is 175 pm. [11] Dividing the length of this bond by the sum of each boron atom's radius gives a ratio of
Pentaborane(9) is an inorganic compound with the formula B 5 H 9.It is one of the most common boron hydride clusters, although it is a highly reactive compound.Because of its high reactivity with oxygen, it was once evaluated as rocket or jet fuel.