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In general, a bone marrow biopsy is part of the "work up" for the analysis of these diseases. All specimens are examined microscopically to determine the nature of the malignancy. A number of these diseases can now be classified by cytogenetics (AML, CML) or immunophenotyping (lymphoma, myeloma, CLL) of the malignant cells. [citation needed]
These B cells represent a median value of ~20% of all nucleated cells in the marrow. Regardless of the percentage of these cells, the presence of monoclonal B cells in bone marrow does not appear to influence the malignant progression of MBL [9] and is not part of the criteria used to diagnose the disorder. [3]
Less commonly, the disease comes to light only after the cancerous cells overwhelm the bone marrow, resulting in low red blood cells, neutrophils, or platelets. [9] Symptoms can be fever, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. [9] CLL can be grouped with small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) as one disease with two clinical presentations. [18]
Lymphoproliferative disorders are a set of disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes into a monoclonal lymphocytosis. The two major types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells, which are derived from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
Reactive lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells. In immunology, reactive lymphocytes, variant lymphocytes, atypical lymphocytes, Downey cells or Türk cells are cytotoxic (CD8 +) lymphocytes that become large as a result of antigen stimulation. Typically, they can be more than 30 μm in diameter with varying size and shape.
These B cells then leave the bone marrow and migrate via bloodstream and the lymph to peripheral lymphoid tissues, such as a spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils and mucosal tissues. Once in a secondary lymphoid organ the B cell can be introduced to an antigen that it is able to recognize.
Lymphoblasts can also refer to immature cells which typically differentiate to form mature lymphocytes. [2] Normally, lymphoblasts are found in the bone marrow, but in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphoblasts proliferate uncontrollably and are found in large numbers in the peripheral blood. The size is between 10 and 20 μm. [3]
The excessive immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow interfere with the production of new red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. [1] Diagnosis is typically based on blood tests and bone marrow examination. [3] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is typically treated initially with chemotherapy aimed at bringing about remission. [2]