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When the system or device needs to read data from or write data to the flash memory, it will communicate with the flash memory controller. Simpler devices like SD cards and USB flash drives typically have a small number of flash memory die connected simultaneously. Operations are limited to the speed of the individual flash memory die.
The Linux kernel has supported USB mass-storage devices since version 2.3.47 [3] (2001, backported to kernel 2.2.18 [4]).This support includes quirks and silicon/firmware bug workarounds as well as additional functionality for devices and controllers (vendor-enabled functions such as ATA command pass-through for ATA-USB bridges, used for S.M.A.R.T. or temperature monitoring, controlling the ...
Common flash devices such as USB flash drives and memory cards provide only a block-level interface, or flash translation layer (FTL), which writes to a different cell each time to wear-level the device. This prevents incremental writing within a block; however, it does help the device from being prematurely worn out by intensive write patterns.
The written USB 3.0 specification was released by Intel and its partners in August 2008. The first USB 3.0 controller chips were sampled by NEC in May 2009, [4] and the first products using the USB 3.0 specification arrived in January 2010. [5] USB 3.0 connectors are generally backward compatible, but include new wiring and full-duplex operation.
A flash drive (also thumb drive, memory stick, and pen drive/pendrive) [1] [note 1] is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. A typical USB drive is removable, rewritable, and smaller than an optical disc, and usually weighs less than 30 g (1 oz).
Memory Stick (MS) MultiMediaCard (MMC) Secure Digital card (SD, SDHC, SDXC) SmartMedia card (SM) xD-Picture Card (xD) Other: Solid-state drive, SSD, using flash memory (a few SSDs use DRAM or MRAM) USB flash drive (UFD)
USB 3.0 SuperSpeed – host controller (xHCI) hardware support, no software overhead for out-of-order commands; USB 2.0 High-speed – enables command queuing in USB 2.0 drives; Streams were added to the USB 3.0 SuperSpeed protocol for supporting UAS out-of-order completions USB 3.0 host controller (xHCI) provides hardware support for streams
Most card readers also offer write capability, and together with the card, this can function as a pen drive. Some printers and Smartphones have a built-in card reader, as do many laptops and the majority of Tablet computers. A multi card reader is used for communication with more than one type of flash memory card. Multi card readers do not ...