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Ketogenesis pathway. The three ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate) are marked within orange boxes. Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.
Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules or compounds that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis). [1] [2] Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A) – which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy.
Ketones do not appear in standard amino acids, nucleic acids, nor lipids. The formation of organic compounds in photosynthesis occurs via the ketone ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketose is fructose; it mostly exists as a cyclic hemiketal, which masks the ketone functional group.
Most dietary fat is made of molecules called long-chain triglycerides (LCTs). However, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)—made from fatty acids with shorter carbon chains than LCTs—are more ketogenic. A variant of the classic diet known as the MCT ketogenic diet uses a form of coconut oil, which is rich in MCTs, to provide around half the ...
β-hydroxybutyrate (the conjugate base of β-hydroxybutyric acid, drawn above) despite chemically containing a carboxylate group instead of a ketone, is the principal "ketone body" in diabetic ketoacidosis. DKA is common in type 1 diabetes as this form of diabetes is associated with an absolute lack of insulin production by the islets of ...
Proteins may be classified as to their three-dimensional structure (also known a protein fold). The two most widely used classification schemes are: [2] CATH database [3] Structural Classification of Proteins database (SCOP) [4] Both classification schemes are based on a hierarchy of fold types.
The protein flies into action, entering the nucleus and heading to the twisted ladder of DNA in each cell. There, it grabs the rung with the molecules that signal the cells to make a team of ...
Exogenous ketones are a class of ketone bodies that are ingested using nutritional supplements or foods. This class of ketone bodies refers mainly to β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB] . [ 1 ] The body can make BHB endogenously, via the liver, due to starvation, ketogenic diets , or prolonged exercise, leading to ketosis . [ 2 ]