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Liquid nitrogen, a colourless fluid resembling water in appearance, but with 80.8% of the density (the density of liquid nitrogen at its boiling point is 0.808 g/mL), is a common cryogen. [50] Solid nitrogen has many crystalline modifications.
Using the number density of an ideal gas at 0 °C and 1 atm as a yardstick: n 0 = 1 amg = 2.686 7774 × 10 25 m −3 is often introduced as a unit of number density, for any substances at any conditions (not necessarily limited to an ideal gas at 0 °C and 1 atm). [3]
The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below: V m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm 3 /mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa
Liquid nitrogen A demonstration of liquid nitrogen at the Freeside maker space in Atlanta, Georgia, during the Online News Association conference in 2013 Students preparing homemade ice cream with a dewar of liquid nitrogen
Until 1982, STP was defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Since 1982, STP is defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). Conversions between each volume flow metric are calculated using the following formulas: Prior to 1982,
Each standard provides a list of constituent concentrations, a gas density at standard conditions and a molar mass. It is extremely unlikely that the actual composition of any specific sample of air will completely agree with any definition for standard dry air.
In air at STP the mean free path of molecules is about 96 nm. Since electrons are much smaller, their average distance between colliding with molecules is about 5.6 times longer, or about 0.5 μm. This is a substantial fraction of the 7.5 μm spacing between the electrodes for minimal arc voltage.
An amagat (denoted amg or Am [1]) is a practical unit of volumetric number density.Although it can be applied to any substance at any conditions, it is defined as the number of ideal gas molecules per unit volume at 1 atm (101.325 kPa) and 0 °C (273.15 K). [2]