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Converts Unicode character codes, always given in hexadecimal, to their UTF-8 or UTF-16 representation in upper-case hex or decimal. Can also reverse this for UTF-8. The UTF-16 form will accept and pass through unpaired surrogates e.g. {{#invoke:Unicode convert|getUTF8|D835}} → D835.
International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments. It gives applications the same results on all platforms and between C, C++, and Java software.
C++11 also added new string literals of 16-bit and 32-bit "characters" and syntax for putting Unicode code points into null-terminated (C-style) strings. [ 15 ] A basic_string is guaranteed to be specializable for any type with a char_traits struct to accompany it.
C++23 adopts UTF-8 as the only portable source code file format. [ 48 ] Backwards compatibility is a serious impediment to changing code and APIs using UTF-16 to use UTF-8, but this is happening.
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
In Unicode, the implicit directional mark characters are encoded at U+061C ARABIC LETTER MARK, U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK (‎) and U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK (‏). In UTF-8 these are D8 9C, E2 80 8E and E2 80 8F respectively. Usage is prescribed in the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm. [1]
In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
Many Unicode characters are used to control the interpretation or display of text, but these characters themselves have no visual or spatial representation. For example, the null character (U+0000 NULL) is used in C-programming application environments to indicate the end of a string of characters.