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A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is an archaic concept in chemistry. It describes the stoichiometry of some chemical reactions in which one element or ligand is replaced by an atom or group. [1] [2] [3] It can be represented generically as: + +
In outer sphere redox reactions no bonds are formed or broken; only an electron transfer (ET) takes place. A quite simple example is the Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ redox reaction, the self exchange reaction which is known to be always occurring in an aqueous solution containing the aquo complexes [Fe(H 2 O) 6] 2+ and [Fe(H 2 O)6] 3+.
An example is the degenerate reaction between the tetrahedral ions permanganate and manganate: [MnO 4 ] − + [Mn*O 4 ] 2− → [MnO 4 ] 2− + [Mn*O 4 ] − For octahedral metal complexes , the rate constant for self-exchange reactions correlates with changes in the population of the e g orbitals , the population of which most strongly ...
As an example, self-exchange describes the degenerate reaction between permanganate and its one-electron reduced relative manganate: [MnO 4 ] − + [Mn*O 4 ] 2− → [MnO 4 ] 2− + [Mn*O 4 ] − In general, if electron transfer is faster than ligand substitution, the reaction will follow the outer-sphere electron transfer route.
Exchange interaction is the main physical effect responsible for ferromagnetism, and has no classical analogue. For bosons, the exchange symmetry makes them bunch together, and the exchange interaction takes the form of an effective attraction that causes identical particles to be found closer together, as in Bose–Einstein condensation.
A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. [1]
In other words, the exchange current density is the rate of reaction at the reversible potential (when the overpotential is zero by definition). At the reversible potential, the reaction is in equilibrium meaning that the forward and reverse reactions progress at the same rates. This rate is the exchange current density.
Substitution reactions in organic chemistry are classified either as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending upon the reagent involved, whether a reactive intermediate involved in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion or a free radical, and whether the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. Detailed understanding of a reaction type helps to ...