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Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged. [2] Signs and symptoms include low back pain, pain that radiates down the leg, numbness around the anus, and loss of bowel or bladder control. [1]
Subacute compression develops over days to weeks. Acute compression develops within minutes to hours. Acute compression may follow subacute and chronic compression, especially if the cause is abscess or tumor. Regardless of the pace, spinal cord compression will predictably progress over time. [1] [2]
The etiology of dural ectasia is unknown, but it has been suggested that is due to increased hydrostatic pressure, [8] general weakened connective tissue [9] or as a result of the pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid on weakened spinal dura. [10] Dural ectasia is common in Marfan syndrome, [3] occurring in 63–92% of people with the syndrome ...
Tethered spinal cord can be caused by various conditions but the main cause is when tissue attachments limit the movement of the spinal cord in the spinal column which causes abnormal stretching of the cord. The tethered spinal cord syndrome is correlated with having the causes: [10] Spina bifida. Occulta; Mylomeningocele; Meningocele
Damage to the spinal cord can be caused by traumatic injury, demyelinating disease, meningitis-retention syndrome, vitamin B 12 deficiency, syringomyelia, cauda equina syndrome, or spina bifida. Spinal cord compression from herniated disks, tumor, or spinal stenosis can also result in neurogenic bladder. [5] [8]
However, both upper and lower motor neuron disorders can lead to constipation and/ or incontinence. [14] [13] Spinal cord injury above the S2, S3, S4 level results in preserved reflexes in the rectum and anal canal. Hence the sphincter will remain contracted. [12] Spinal cord injury below this level results in absent reflexes.
Bladder sphincter dyssynergia (also known as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) (the ICS standard terminology agreed 1998) [1] and neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO)) is a consequence of a neurological pathology such as spinal injury [2] or multiple sclerosis [3] which disrupts central nervous system regulation of the micturition (urination) reflex resulting in dyscoordination of the ...
Compression of the upper spinal cord, multiple sclerosis, transverse myelitis, Behçet's disease, osteogenesis imperfecta In neurology , Lhermitte phenomenon , also called the barber chair phenomenon , is an uncomfortable "electrical" sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs.