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Furthermore, because the lower energy fluid in the boundary layer branches through the channels the higher energy fluid in the pipe centre remains in the pipe as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. Velocity profile along a manifold. Thus, mass, momentum and energy conservations must be employed together for description of flow in manifolds.
Note: the Strickler coefficient is the reciprocal of Manning coefficient: Ks =1/ n, having dimension of L 1/3 /T and units of m 1/3 /s; it varies from 20 m 1/3 /s (rough stone and rough surface) to 80 m 1/3 /s (smooth concrete and cast iron). The discharge formula, Q = A V, can be used to rewrite Gauckler–Manning's equation by substitution for V.
In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
In the theory of smooth manifolds, a congruence is the set of integral curves defined by a nonvanishing vector field defined on the manifold. Congruences are an important concept in general relativity , and are also important in parts of Riemannian geometry .
Let M be a compact smooth manifold, f: M → M a diffeomorphism, and Df: TM → TM the differential of f.An f-invariant subset Λ of M is said to be hyperbolic, or to have a hyperbolic structure, if the restriction to Λ of the tangent bundle of M admits a splitting into a Whitney sum of two Df-invariant subbundles, called the stable bundle and the unstable bundle and denoted E s and E u.
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Symplectic manifolds arise from classical mechanics; in particular, they are a generalization of the phase space of a closed system. [1] In the same way the Hamilton equations allow one to derive the time evolution of a system from a set of differential equations, the symplectic form should allow one to obtain a vector field describing the flow of the system from the differential of a ...
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