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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) describes a set of highly-related glycoproteins involved in cell adhesion. CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth. Consequently, CEA is usually present at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults (about 2–4 ng/mL). [2]
The objective of this study was to compare different tumor markers and their diagnostic value. The tumor markers tested in this experiment were CA 19-9, CA 242 and CEA tumor markers. The data revealed that although each marker have its own level of specificity and correspond to a cancer, all three makers together increase diagnostic value. [7]
Laboratory tumor lysis syndrome: abnormality in two or more of the following, occurring within three days before or seven days after chemotherapy. uric acid > 8 mg/dL or 25% increase; potassium > 6 meq/L or 25% increase; phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL or 25% increase; calcium < 7 mg/dL or 25% decrease
It can also be increased in pregnant women. Because of the wide variety of conditions that can increase serum levels, CA-125 is not used to detect cancer, but it is often used to monitor responses to chemotherapy, relapse, and disease progression in ovarian cancer patients. [20]
After cancer treatment ends patients will also usually have check-ups and scans arranged. Macmillan reminds us patients may need to recover from the emotional impacts, perhaps feeling anxious or ...
The systems of the body most affected by chemotherapy drugs include visual and semantic memory, attention and motor coordination and executive functioning. [9] [10] These effects can impair a chemotherapy patient's ability to understand and make decisions regarding treatment, perform in school or employment and can reduce quality of life. [10]
You may have heard of ‘chemo brain;’ some chemo patients describe experiencing memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and a feeling of mental fogginess during or after chemotherapy.”
There is no single chemotherapy regimen which is universally used, and enrollment in clinical trials is often recommended when possible. [81] Chemotherapy agents used to treat cholangiocarcinoma include 5-fluorouracil with leucovorin, [84] gemcitabine as a single agent, [85] or gemcitabine plus cisplatin, [86] irinotecan, [87] or capecitabine. [88]