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  2. List of countries by coal reserves - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal...

    Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. [3] As a fossil fuel burned for heat, coal supplies about a quarter of the world's primary energy and two-fifths of its ...

  3. Coal mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining

    In 2013, Australia was the world's fifth-largest coal producer, after China, the United States, India, and Indonesia. However, in terms of proportion of production exported, Australia is the world's second largest coal exporter, as it exports roughly 73% of its coal production. Indonesia exports about 87% of its coal production. [61]

  4. Coal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal

    The fuel value of coal varies in the same order. Some anthracite deposits contain pure carbon in the form of graphite. For bituminous coal, the elemental composition on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [40]

  5. Coal-mining region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-mining_region

    Coal mining regions are significant resource extraction industries in many parts of the world. They provide a large amount of the fossil fuel energy in the world economy.. The People's Republic of China is the largest producer of coal in the world, while Australia is the largest coal exporter. [1]

  6. Anthracite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracite

    The Coal Region of Northeastern Pennsylvania in the United States has the largest known deposits of anthracite coal in the world with an estimated reserve of seven billion short tons. [2] China accounts for the majority of global production; other producers include Russia , Ukraine , North Korea , South Africa , Vietnam , Australia , Canada ...

  7. Open-pit mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-pit_mining

    Open-pit mines are used when deposits of commercially useful ore or rocks are found near the surface where the overburden is relatively thin. In contrast, deeper mineral deposits can be reached using underground mining. [2] Kittilä Gold Mine in Kittilä, Finland is the largest primary gold producer in Europe. [3] [4]

  8. Surface mining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_mining

    The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex, [1] an open-pit mine owned by Yara International, in Siilinjärvi, Finland Coal strip mine in Wyoming. Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the ...

  9. Bituminous coal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal

    It is the most abundant rank of coal, with deposits found around the world, often in rocks of Carboniferous age. Bituminous coal is formed from sub-bituminous coal that is buried deeply enough to be heated to 85 °C (185 °F) or higher. Bituminous coal is used primarily for electrical power generation [1] and in the steel industry.