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The polymorphs differ in terms of the stacking of the layers. All forms of Al(OH) 3 crystals are hexagonal [disputed – discuss]: gibbsite is also known as γ-Al(OH) 3 [8] or α-Al(OH) 3 [citation needed] bayerite is also known as α-Al(OH) 3 [8] or β-alumina trihydrate [citation needed] nordstrandite is also known as Al(OH) 3 [8] doyleite
One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation. [2] For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide is the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions:
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.3, Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 ...
Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted. [citation needed] Notable minima and maxima are shown in maroon. Substance Phase Isobaric mass heat capacity c P J⋅g −1 ⋅K −1 Molar heat capacity, C P,m and C V,m J⋅mol −1 ⋅K −1 Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C P,v J⋅cm −3 ⋅K −1 Isochoric ...
diaspore (α-AlO(OH)) boehmite or böhmite (γ-AlO(OH)) akdalaite (5Al 2 O 3 ·H 2 O) (once believed to be 4Al 2 O 3 ·H 2 O), also called tohdite; aluminium hydroxides. gibbsite (often designated as γ-Al(OH) 3, but sometimes as α-Al(OH) 3, [4] sometimes called hydrargillite or hydrargyllite) bayerite (designated often as α-Al(OH) 3 but ...
Such solutions are acidic as this cation can act as a proton donor, progressively hydrolysing to [Al(H 2 O) 5 (OH)] 2+, [Al(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2] +, and so on. As pH increases these mononuclear species begin to aggregate together by the formation of hydroxide bridges, [2] forming many oligomeric ions, such as the Keggin ion [Al 13 O 4 (OH) 24 (H 2 O ...