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Estimated rates of bad breath vary from 6% to 50% of the population. [1] Concern about bad breath is the third most common reason people seek dental care, after tooth decay and gum disease. [2] [3] It is believed to become more common as people age. [1] Bad breath is viewed as a social taboo and those affected may be stigmatized.
Halitosis (the medical term for bad breath) is usually caused by something in the mouth — whether it's leftover bits of food stuck in the teeth, a buildup of bacteria on the tongue or smoking ...
Anaerobic bacteria, which do not metabolize oxygen, are a main source for producing volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) which cause bad breath. [ citation needed ] Remedies
Hemolysins or haemolysins are lipids and proteins that cause lysis of red blood cells by disrupting the cell membrane.Although the lytic activity of some microbe-derived hemolysins on red blood cells may be of great importance for nutrient acquisition, many hemolysins produced by pathogens do not cause significant destruction of red blood cells during infection.
The loss of ions, especially calcium, can cause cell signaling pathways to be spuriously activated or deactivated. The uncontrolled entry of water into a cell can cause the cell to swell up uncontrollably: this causes a process called blebbing, wherein large parts of the cell membrane are distorted and give way under the mounting internal ...
Gram positive bacteria are an increasingly important cause of bacteremia. [13] Staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus species are the most important and most common species of gram-positive bacteria that can enter the bloodstream. These bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the gastrointestinal tract. [citation needed]
H. influenzae will only grow on blood agar if other bacteria are present to release these factors from the red blood cells, forming 'satellite' colonies around these bacteria. For example, H. influenzae will grow in the hemolytic zone of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plates; the hemolysis of cells by S. aureus releases NAD which is needed ...
Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells. The ability of bacterial colonies to induce hemolysis when grown on blood agar is used to classify certain microorganisms. This is particularly useful in classifying streptococcal species. A substance that causes hemolysis is called a hemolysin.