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A testicle or testis (pl. testes) is the gonad in all male bilaterians, including humans, and is homologous to the ovary in females. Its primary functions are the production of sperm and the secretion of androgens , primarily testosterone .
A scrotum is present in all boreoeutherian land mammals except hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, hedgehogs, moles, pangolins, tapirs, and numerous families of bats and rodents. [16] The anus is separated from the scrotum by the perineum in these mammals. The testicles remain in the body cavity in all other vertebrates, including cloacal animals. [17]
Testis in the place of its original formation; t', together with the dotted lines above, indicates the direction in which the testis and epididymis descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. Skene's glands a.k.a. paraurethral gland: pr. Prostate: u. Uterus. The uterine tube of the right side is marked m. va. Vagina: vh. Ductus aberrans: vs ...
Via the rete testis, the seminiferous tubules become connected with outgrowths from the mesonephros, which form the efferent ducts of the testicle. The descent of the testicles consists of the opening of a connection from the testis to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall, followed by the development of the gubernaculum, which ...
This is attached to the testis and extends through the inguinal canal to the wall of the scrotum as a testis. It carries with it the ductus deference, which are testicular vessels and nerves, a portion of the abdominal muscle, and lymph vessels. All of the structures remain attached to the testis and form what is known as the spermatic cord.
The testes of older men often have sperm abnormalities that can ultimately lead to male infertility. [12] These abnormalities include accumulation of DNA damage and decreased DNA repair ability. [12] During spermatogenesis in the testis, spontaneous new mutations arise and tend to accumulate with age. [13]
Testicular size starts to increase normally from 8 to 9 years of age in boys. However, in patients with macroorchidism, around this time is when the testicles become abnormally and noticeably enlarged. [11] Also, because macroorchidism is usually associated with intellectual disability, brainpower typically declines with age. [5]
Testicular torsion occurs most commonly at 12 to 18 years but can occur at any age. Torsion results in swelling and edema of the testis, and as the edema increases, testicular perfusion is further altered. The extent of testicular ischemia depends on the degree of torsion, which ranges from 180° to 720° or greater.