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Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction (2010) Stanford, Jane. That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power, The History Press Ireland, Dublin 2011, ISBN 978-1-84588-698-1; Steward, Patrick, and Bryan McGowan. The Fenians: Irish Rebellion in the North Atlantic World, 1858–1876.
The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82 (Wolfhound Press, 1985) D'Arcy, William. The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86 (Catholic University of America Press, 1947) Jenkins, Brian. Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1969).
Not all Protestants are unionists, and not all Catholics are nationalist. For information on recent communal conflicts in Northern Ireland, see the Troubles. The census reports do not distinguish between Protestant and other non-Catholic Christian faiths. The number of Orthodox Christians in Northern Ireland is estimated at 3000 followers. [1]
The Catholic parochial school system developed in the early-to-mid-19th century partly in response to what was seen as anti-Catholic bias in American public schools. [citation needed] The recent wave of newly established Protestant schools is sometimes similarly attributed to the teaching of evolution (as opposed to creationism) in public schools.
Most state schools in Northern Ireland are predominantly Protestant, while the majority of Catholic children attend schools maintained by the Catholic Church. In 2006, 90% of children in Northern Ireland were in segregated schools, [2] by 2017 that figure had risen to 93%. [3]
Since 2000, 1,942 Catholic schools around the country have shut their doors, and enrollment has dropped by 621,583 students, to just over 2 million in 2012, according to the National Catholic Educational Association. Many Catholic schools are being squeezed out of the education market by financial issues and publicly funded charter schools. [13]
Integrated Education is a Northern Ireland phenomenon, where traditionally schools were sectarian, [3] either run as Catholic schools or Protestant schools. On as parental request, a school could apply to 'transition' to become Grant Maintained offering 30% of the school places to students from the minority community.
It was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded Catholic emancipation. Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as 'forty shilling freeholders', who were mainly Catholics. [5] This resulted in the Irish Catholic electorate going from 216,000 voters to 37,000.