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A kinesin is a protein complex belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells. Kinesins move along microtubule (MT) filaments and are powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (thus kinesins are ATPases, a type of enzyme).
Kinesins have two heavy chains and two light chains per active motor. The two globular head motor domains in heavy chains can convert the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical work to move along microtubules. [7] The direction in which cargo is transported can be towards the plus-end or the minus-end, depending on the type of kinesin.
The major motor proteins that interact with microtubules are kinesin, which usually moves toward the (+) end of the microtubule, and dynein, which moves toward the (−) end. Dynein is composed of two identical heavy chains, which make up two large globular head domains, and a variable number of intermediate and light chains.
This motor is driven by the flow of protons across a membrane, possibly using a similar mechanism to that found in the F o motor in ATP synthase. Molecular dynamics simulation of a synthetic molecular motor composed of three molecules in a nanopore (outer diameter 6.7 nm) at 250 K. [ 4 ]
He called this protein myosin. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The term has been extended to include a group of similar ATPases found in the cells of both striated muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue . Following the discovery in 1973 of enzymes with myosin-like function in Acanthamoeba castellanii , a global range of divergent myosin genes have been discovered ...
Currently, it is the best studied dynein partner. Dynactin is a protein that aids in intracellular transport throughout the cell by linking to cytoplasmic dynein. Dynactin can function as a scaffold for other proteins to bind to. It also functions as a recruiting factor that localizes dynein to where it should be.
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The pyramidal motor system, also called the pyramidal tract or the corticospinal tract, start in the motor center of the cerebral cortex. [4] There are upper and lower motor neurons in the corticospinal tract. The motor impulses originate in the giant pyramidal cells or Betz cells of the motor area; i.e., precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex ...