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The rate of return on a portfolio can be calculated indirectly as the weighted average rate of return on the various assets within the portfolio. [3] The weights are proportional to the value of the assets within the portfolio, to take into account what portion of the portfolio each individual return represents in calculating the contribution of that asset to the return on the portfolio.
Historical simulation in finance's value at risk (VaR) analysis is a procedure for predicting the value at risk by 'simulating' or constructing the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of assets returns over time assuming that future returns will be directly sampled from past returns.
English: Line graph depicting performance of cumulative hedge fund and other risk asset returns, as measured by published indixes, 1997-2012. Date 23 July 2013, 08:42:13
The portfolio performance was 4.60%, compared with a benchmark return of 2.40%. Thus the portfolio outperformed the benchmark by 220 basis points.The task of performance attribution is to explain the decisions that the portfolio manager took to generate this 220 basis points of value added.
As another example, a two-year return of 10% converts to an annualized rate of return of 4.88% = ((1+0.1) (12/24) − 1), assuming reinvestment at the end of the first year. In other words, the geometric average return per year is 4.88%. In the cash flow example below, the dollar returns for the four years add up to $265.
An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
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The primary application of the model is to estimate the asset by asset covariance matrix of asset returns by the equation C = X F X t + D {\displaystyle C=XFX^{t}+D} where F {\displaystyle F} is the covariance matrix of factor returns, and D {\displaystyle D} is a block diagonal matrix of specific returns.