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Schematic of the Birkeland or Field-Aligned Currents and the ionospheric current systems they connect to, Pedersen and Hall currents. [1] A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere.
Fluxgate sensors or saturable inductor current sensors work on the same measurement principle as Hall-effect-based current sensors: the magnetic field created by the primary current to be measured is detected by a specific sensing element. The design of the saturable inductor current sensor is similar to that of a closed-loop Hall-effect ...
Schematic view of the different current systems which shape the Earth's magnetosphere. In many MHD systems most of the electric current is compressed into thin nearly-two-dimensional ribbons termed current sheets. [10] These can divide the fluid into magnetic domains, inside of which the currents are relatively weak.
The integrated circuit sensor may come in a variety of interfaces — analogue or digital; for digital, these could be Serial Peripheral Interface, SMBus/I 2 C or 1-Wire.. In OpenBSD, many of the I 2 C temperature sensors from the below list have been supported and are accessible through the generalised hardware sensors framework [3] since OpenBSD 3.9 (2006), [4] [5]: §6.1 which has also ...
NTC thermistors are widely used as inrush-current limiters and temperature sensors, while PTC thermistors are used as self-resetting overcurrent protectors and self-regulating heating elements. An operational temperature range of a thermistor is dependent on the probe type and is typically between −100 and 300 °C (−148 and 572 °F).
The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole has an inverse cubic dependence in distance, so its order of magnitude at the earth surface can be approximated by multiplying the above result with (R outer core ⁄ R Earth) 3 = (2890 ⁄ 6370) 3 = 0.093 , giving 2.5×10 −5 Tesla, not far from the measured value of 3×10 −5 Tesla at the equator.
The differential change in the amplitude of the resonating shuttle shows the strength of the external magnetic field. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined in static mode to be 0.034 μm/mT when a current of 10 mA passes through the shuttle, while it is found to be higher at resonance with a value of 1.35 μm/mT at 8 mA current.
Figure 2: [8] Working principle of a thermal laser sensor (Adapted from figure 3 with permission) As shown in Fig 2, a thermopile laser sensor consists of several thermocouples connected in series with one junction type (hot junction at temperature T 1) being exposed to an absorption area and the other junction type (cold junction at temperature T 2) being exposed to a heat sink.