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The lateral corticospinal tract is a descending motor pathway that begins in the cerebral cortex, decussates in the pyramids of the lower medulla [1] (also known as the medulla oblongata or the cervicomedullary junction, which is the most posterior division of the brain [2]) and proceeds down the contralateral side of the spinal cord.
The corticospinal tract is a white matter motor pathway starting at the cerebral cortex that terminates on lower motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord, controlling movements of the limbs and trunk. [1] There are more than one million neurons in the corticospinal tract, and they become myelinated usually in the first two years of life.
Descending tracts are pathways by which motor signals are sent from upper motor neurons in the brain to lower motor neurons which then directly innervate muscle to produce movement. The anterior corticospinal tract is usually small, varying inversely in size with the lateral corticospinal tract , which is the main part of the corticospinal tract .
Some descending pathways form direct connections with motor neurons and premotor interneurons, [25] including central pattern generators. [26] But how exactly descending signals are integrated in circuits in the spinal cord (vertebrates) or ventral nerve cord (invertebrates) during behavior is not well understood. [3] [27]
The pyramidal tracts include both the corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract.These are aggregations of efferent nerve fibers from the upper motor neurons that travel from the cerebral cortex and terminate either in the brainstem (corticobulbar) or spinal cord (corticospinal) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body.
The rubrospinal tract is one of the descending tracts of the spinal cord. It is a motor control pathway that originates in the red nucleus. [1] It is a part of the lateral indirect extrapyramidal tract. The rubrospinal tract fibers are efferent nerve fibers from the magnocellular part of the red nucleus.
Descending motor pathways of the pyramidal tracts travel from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem or lower spinal cord. [4] [5] Ascending sensory tracts in the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) carry information from the periphery to the cortex of the brain.
The spinal cord executes rhythmical and sequential activation of muscles in locomotion. The central pattern generator (CPG) provides the basic locomotor rhythm and synergies by integrating commands from various sources that serve to initiate or modulate its output to meet the requirements of the environment.