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The evening primrose flower (O. biennis) produces an oil containing a high content of γ-linolenic acid, a type of omega−6 fatty acid.Omega−6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω−6 fatty acids or n−6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n−6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.
γ-Linolenic acid or GLA (INN: gamolenic acid) is an n −6, or omega-6, fatty acid found primarily in seed oils. When acting on GLA, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase produces no leukotrienes and the conversion by the enzyme of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes is inhibited.
Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega−6 fatty acid 20:4 (ω−6), or 20:4 (5,8,11,14). [2][3] If its precursors or diet contains linoleic acid it is formed by biosynthesis and can be deposited in animal fats. It is a precursor in the formation of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. [4]
[6] The most common side effects are musculoskeletal pain, peripheral edema (swelling of legs and hands), atrial fibrillation, and arthralgia (joint pain). [6] Other common side effects include bleeding, constipation, gout, and rash. [4] It is made from the omega−3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). [6]
[3] [5] [6] Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are taken by mouth. [3] Common side effects include burping, nausea, and an upset abdomen. [3] [5] Serious side effects may include liver problems and anaphylaxis. [3] While use in pregnancy has not been well studied, some omega−3 fatty acids appear beneficial. [1] How it works is not entirely clear. [3]
An omega−3 fatty acid is a fatty acid with multiple double bonds, where the first double bond is between the third and fourth carbon atoms from the end of the carbon atom chain. "Short-chain" omega−3 fatty acids have a chain of 18 carbon atoms or less, while "long-chain" omega−3 fatty acids have a chain of 20 or more.
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