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The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
Janet E. Helms is an American research psychologist known for her study of ethnic minority issues. [1] A scholar, author and educator, she is most known for her racial identity theory that is applied to multiple disciplines, including education and law. [ 2 ]
Many theories of development have aspects of identity formation included in them. Two theories directly address the process of identity formation: Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (specifically the Identity versus Role Confusion stage), James Marcia's identity status theory, and Jeffrey Arnett's theories of identity formation in emerging adulthood.
Gender role is not the same thing as gender identity, which refers to the internal sense of one's own gender, whether or not it aligns with categories offered by societal norms. The point at which these internalized gender identities become externalized into a set of expectations is the genesis of a gender role.
Further, researchers also suggest that racial and ethnic identity development must be viewed, studied, and considered alongside the other normative developmental processes (e.g., gender identity development) and cannot be considered in a vacuum - racial and ethnic identity exist in particular contexts. [28]
The results of three studies suggest that for cis women, decreased motivation stems from traditional gender role beliefs and lack of same-sex role models, and that when women have a high awareness of gender inequality, their motivation to lead is also higher. [106] In 2020, a meta-analysis found that nuances of motivation matter. [108]
gender identity: the child recognizes that they are either a boy or a girl and possesses the ability to label others. gender stability: the identity in which they recognizes themselves as does not change; gender consistency: the acceptance that gender does not change regardless of changes in gender-typed appearance, activities, and traits.
The Central People's Government supports studies of gender and social development of gender in history and practices that lead to gender equality. Citing Mao Zedong 's philosophy, "Women hold up half the sky", this may be seen as continuation of equality of men and women introduced as part of Cultural Revolution .