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A signal-flow graph or signal-flowgraph (SFG), invented by Claude Shannon, [1] but often called a Mason graph after Samuel Jefferson Mason who coined the term, [2] is a specialized flow graph, a directed graph in which nodes represent system variables, and branches (edges, arcs, or arrows) represent functional connections between pairs of nodes.
Mason's Rule is also particularly useful for deriving the z-domain transfer function of discrete networks that have inner feedback loops embedded within outer feedback loops (nested loops). If the discrete network can be drawn as a signal flow graph, then the application of Mason's Rule will give that network's z-domain H(z) transfer function.
Figure 1 shows a block diagram that leads to the asymptotic gain expression. The asymptotic gain relation also can be expressed as a signal flow graph. See Figure 2. The asymptotic gain model is a special case of the extra element theorem. Figure 2: Possible equivalent signal-flow graph for the asymptotic gain model
An example of a signal-flow graph Flow graph for three simultaneous equations. The edges incident on each node are colored differently just for emphasis. An example of a flow graph connected to some starting equations is presented. The set of equations should be consistent and linearly independent. An example of such a set is: [2]
Angular position servo and signal flow graph. θ C = desired angle command, θ L = actual load angle, K P = position loop gain, V ωC = velocity command, V ωM = motor velocity sense voltage, K V = velocity loop gain, V IC = current command, V IM = current sense voltage, K C = current loop gain, V A = power amplifier output voltage, L M = motor inductance, I M = motor current, R M = motor ...
The signal-flow graph for these equations are shown in the second figure to the right. The arrangement of feedback loops in the signal flow-graph inspired the name leapfrog filter. [1]: 286 The signal flow graph is manipulated to convert all current nodes into voltage nodes and all the impedances and admittances into dimensionless transmittances.
Signal-flow graphs are weighted, directed graphs. He used these to analyse circuits containing mutual couplings and active networks. The weight of a directed edge in these graphs represents a gain, such as possessed by an amplifier. In general, signal-flow graphs, unlike the regular directed graphs described above, do not correspond to the ...
Blackman's theorem is a general procedure for calculating the change in an impedance due to feedback in a circuit. It was published by Ralph Beebe Blackman in 1943, [1] was connected to signal-flow analysis by John Choma, and was made popular in the extra element theorem by R. D. Middlebrook and the asymptotic gain model of Solomon Rosenstark.