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According to this view, male circumcision defeminizes men while FGM demasculinizes women. [122] Fuambai Ahmadu , an anthropologist and member of the Kono people of Sierra Leone , who in 1992 underwent clitoridectomy as an adult during a Sande society initiation, argued in 2000 that it is a male-centred assumption that the clitoris is important ...
The Kikuyu regarded female genital mutilation, which they called irua or circumcision, [6] as an important rite of passage between childhood and adulthood. [7] " Irua" consisted largely of three procedures: removal of the clitoral glans (clitoridectomy or Type I); removal of the clitoral glans and inner labia (excision or Type II); and removal of all the external genitalia and the suturing of ...
Circumcision of Abraham's son Isaac. Regensburg Pentateuch, Israel Museum, Jerusalem (c. 1300). The Book of Genesis explains circumcision as a covenant with God given to Abraham, [24] In Judaism it "symbolizes the promise of lineage and fruitfulness of a great nation," [25] the "seal of ownership and the guarantee of relationship between peoples and their god."
Male circumcision reduces the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from HIV positive women to men in high risk populations. [47] [48] In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reiterated that male circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. [49]
Islamic scholars Abū Dāwūd and Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal reported that Muhammad said circumcision was a "law for men and a preservation of honor for women" however these narrations or Hadith are regarded as daʻīf (weak). [49] [50] In a reported narration Muhammad made female genital cutting optional, but he warned against harming women. [51]
The Yazidi (not all of whom are circumcised) in Turkey have for years been subjected to direct state persecution, including compulsory religious instruction at school, forced conversion, forced circumcision, and mistreatment during military service. [51] In 1999, there was a report of the forced circumcision of Yedizi men in Turkish Kurdistan. [52]
Those who were not circumcised were to be "cut off" from their people. [44] Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, kārat berît meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as "cut a covenant".
Coptic children wearing traditional circumcision costumes. Circumcision has also played a major role in Christian history and theology. [12] [13] The Council of Jerusalem in the early Christian Church declared that circumcision was not necessary for Christians; [14] covenant theology largely views the Christian sacrament of baptism as fulfilling the Israelite practice of circumcision, both ...