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  2. Unit type - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_type

    Several computer programming languages provide a unit type to specify the result type of a function with the sole purpose of causing a side effect, and the argument type of a function that does not require arguments. In Haskell, Rust, and Elm, the unit type is called and its only value is also (), reflecting the 0-tuple interpretation.

  3. Singleton pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern

    A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern.. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance.

  4. Lazy initialization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_initialization

    In computer programming, lazy initialization is the tactic of delaying the creation of an object, the calculation of a value, or some other expensive process until the first time it is needed.

  5. Constructor (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructor_(object...

    Any call to a class (static or constructor call), triggers the static constructor execution. Static constructors are thread safe and implement a singleton pattern. When used in a generic programming class, static constructors are called at every new generic instantiation one per type. [8]: 38 [4]: 111 Static variables are instantiated as well.

  6. Singleton (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_(mathematics)

    A set such as {{,,}} is a singleton as it contains a single element (which itself is a set, but not a singleton). A set is a singleton if and only if its cardinality is 1. In von Neumann's set-theoretic construction of the natural numbers, the number 1 is defined as the singleton {}.

  7. Initial and terminal objects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_and_terminal_objects

    In the category of pointed sets (whose objects are non-empty sets together with a distinguished element; a morphism from (A, a) to (B, b) being a function f : A → B with f(a) = b), every singleton is a zero object. Similarly, in the category of pointed topological spaces, every singleton is a zero object.

  8. Generic programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_programming

    A generic unit is a package or a subprogram that takes one or more generic formal parameters. [18] A generic formal parameter is a value, a variable, a constant, a type, a subprogram, or even an instance of another, designated, generic unit. For generic formal types, the syntax distinguishes between discrete, floating-point, fixed-point, access ...

  9. Singleton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton

    Singleton pattern, a design pattern that allows only one instance of a class to exist; Singleton bound, used in coding theory; Singleton variable, a variable that is referenced only once; Singleton, a character encoded with one unit in variable-width encoding schemes for computer character sets