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Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as "kratom" have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
Mitragynine is an indole-based alkaloid and is one of the main psychoactive constituents in the Southeast Asian plant Mitragyna speciosa, commonly known as kratom. [4] It is an opioid that is typically consumed as a part of kratom for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects.
Adverse effects Cinchona bark Cinchona pubescens: Warfarin Possible additive effect [3] Chamomile: Blood thinners [23] Devil's Claw: grapple plant, wood spider Harpagophytum: Warfarin Additive effect [3] Ephedra Ephedra: Caffeine, decongestants, stimulants [15] Increases sympathomimetic effect of ephedra [3] Feverfew: featherfew Tanacetum ...
The fruit is a fleshy berry that ripens red. The fruit is a thin layer covering one large seed. ... Aglaonema nitidum – Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Indochina ...
Oral antiseptic mouthwash has been shown to eliminate the blood pressure lowering effects of dietary nitrate due to eradication of nitrate-reducing bacteria. [ 18 ] A related mechanism is thought to protect the skin from fungal infections, where nitrate in sweat is reduced to nitrite by skin commensal organisms and then to NO on the slightly ...
In spring it offers a profusion of bell-shaped (campanula, "little bell"), creamy white flowers with red veins, similar to those of the distantly related Pieris. [ 1 ] The plant was brought to England by Charles Maries , who was plant-hunting in Japan at the time for Veitch Nurseries .
Veins have less smooth muscle and connective tissue and wider internal diameters than arteries. Because of their thinner walls and wider lumens they are able to expand and hold more blood. This greater capacity gives them the term of capacitance vessels. At any time, nearly 70% of the total volume of blood in the human body is in the veins. [3]
Apis koschevnikovi is of the family Apidae and genus Apis. [2] A. koschevnikovi is known as one of the "Red Bees" of Borneo, described in 1988. [2] A. koschevnikovi appears together with A. cerana and A. mellifera, two other cavity-nesting species, in three separate phylogenic clusters without overlapping. [2]