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Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibacterial medication of the nitrofuran class used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), although it is not as effective for kidney infections. [16] It is taken by mouth. [16] Common side effects include nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and headaches. [16]
Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), fosfomycin, and pivmecillinam are currently the first-line agents for empiric therapy of simple cystitis. [4] On the other hand, the choice of empiric antimicrobial therapy for pyelonephritis depends on the severity of illness, specific host factors, and the presence of resistant bacteria.
Pyelonephritis occurs between 20 and 30 times less frequently. [4] They are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections accounting for approximately 40%. [ 115 ] Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from two to seven percent in women of child-bearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. [ 42 ]
Pyelonephritis affects about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women each year and just under 0.5 per 1,000 males. [5] [7] Young adult females are most often affected, followed by the very young and old. [2] With treatment, outcomes are generally good in young adults.
Clinical symptoms in patients with pyonephrosis can range from frank sepsis (15%) to asymptomatic bacteriuria.Upon physical examination, the hydronephrotic kidney may be linked to a palpable abdominal mass. [4]
Nephritic syndrome is a syndrome comprising signs of nephritis, which is kidney disease involving inflammation.It often occurs in the glomerulus, where it is called glomerulonephritis.
Pyelonephritis is a description of inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney. It is a consequence of an ascending urinary tract infection, not the infection itself. Pyelonephritis can be caused by a number of things. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.92.232.193 16:16, 2 May 2011 (UTC)
Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea; Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions; Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Ceftaroline fosamil: Teflaro: Used to treat MRSA: Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea ...