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The largest use of palladium today is in catalytic converters. [41] Palladium is also used in jewelry, dentistry, [41] [42] watch making, blood sugar test strips, aircraft spark plugs, surgical instruments, and electrical contacts. [43] Palladium is also used to make some professional transverse (concert or classical) flutes. [44]
A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
The catalytic converter is a device placed in the exhaust pipe, which converts hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NO x into less harmful gases by using a combination of platinum, palladium and rhodium as catalysts. [16] There are two types of catalytic converter, a two-way and a three-way converter.
Naturally occurring platinum and platinum-rich alloys were known by pre-Columbian Americans for many years. [5] However, even though the metal was used by pre-Columbian peoples, the first European reference to platinum appears in 1557 in the writings of the Italian humanist Julius Caesar Scaliger (1484–1558) as a description of a mysterious metal found in Central American mines between ...
Palladium oxide is prepared by heating palladium sponge metal in oxygen at 350 °C. 2 Pd + O 2 → 2 PdO. The oxide is obtained as a black powder. The oxide also may be prepared specially for catalytic use by heating variously a mixture of palladium(II) chloride and potassium nitrate, 2 PdCl 2 + 4 KNO 3 → 2 PdO + 4 KCl + 4 NO 2 + O 2 ...
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Placement of directing group at homo-allylic (i.e. Figure 3, A) [37] and allylic position (i.e. Figure 3, B) [38] to the terminal olefin favors the anti-Markovnikov aldehyde product, which suggests that in the catalytic cycle the directing group chelates to the palladium complex such that water attacks at the anti-Markovnikov carbon to generate ...
The introduction of the three-way catalytic converter by Volvo in 1976 increased the demand for rhodium. The previous catalytic converters used platinum or palladium, while the three-way catalytic converter used rhodium to reduce the amount of NO x in the exhaust. [22] [23] [24]
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