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The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula: [] = = where
Grinold, Kroner, and Siegel (2011) estimated the inputs to the Grinold and Kroner model and arrived at a then-current equity risk premium estimate between 3.5% and 4%. [2] The equity risk premium is the difference between the expected total return on a capitalization-weighted stock market index and the yield on a riskless government bond (in ...
Merton's portfolio problem is a problem in continuous-time finance and in particular intertemporal portfolio choice.An investor must choose how much to consume and must allocate their wealth between stocks and a risk-free asset so as to maximize expected utility.
Return on investment (ROI) or return on costs (ROC) is the ratio between net income (over a period) and investment (costs resulting from an investment of some resources at a point in time). A high ROI means the investment's gains compare favorably to its cost.
( ()) is the market premium, the expected excess return of the market portfolio's expected return over the risk-free rate. A derivation [ 14 ] is as follows: (1) The incremental impact on risk and expected return when an additional risky asset, a , is added to the market portfolio, m , follows from the formulae for a two-asset portfolio.
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective.The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return, and minimizes costs like financial risk, resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem.
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks.The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the ...
The simple Dietz method [1] is a means of measuring historical investment portfolio performance, compensating for external flows into/out of the portfolio during the period. [2] The formula for the simple Dietz return is as follows: = + / where is the portfolio rate of return,